The Mendelssohn Concerto in E Minor Essay Example for Free

The Mendelssohn Concerto in E Minor Essay â€Å"I would like to compose a violin concerto for next winter. One in E minor keeps running through my head, and the opening gives me no peace,† German composer Felix Mendelssohn wrote to his friend, violinist Ferdinand David, in 1838. Mendelssohn would seek to collaborate on his last orchestral work with David, revising it painstakingly until its premiere in Leipzig in 1845. The first movement of Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 4, is considered a staple of the violin repertoire and an example piece of the romantic period. While Mendelssohn is widely recognized as a romantic who remained loyal mainly to traditional, classical forms, the technical demands of the soloist, the novel placement and qualities of the cadenza, and the features of the overall form illustrate both the novelty of the concerto and why it served as an example for later composers. The concerto is credited with being challenging but manageable in its technical demands of the soloist. While it contains many intricate techniques, it â€Å"plays well under the fingers,† undoubtedly because of Ferdinand David’s input. Because of this, it is widely used by violin instructors to introduce concerti to students. Its place as an introductory learning tool is held by Mendelssohn’s frequent use of octaves (rehearsal B and K) to lead the player to arrival points such as the high â€Å"B† after rehearsal B, seen in Example 1. Example 1: Varied use of octaves surrounding rehearsal B. The Classical style to which Mendelssohn remained loyal is characterized in technique by his use of ricochet bowing, first developed by Niccolo Paganini, in the chord section immediately following the cadenza after rehearsal letter O. While many of his strategies were common in the concerto’s time (including accent and tenuto articulations and virtuosic melodic lines), Mendelssohn departs from tradition in his treatment of the ricochet bowing technique. It is used to accompany an orchestra that reintroduces the theme after the cadenza; this is a reversal of the traditional role of having the soloist recapitulate the main idea. The Mendelssohn concerto is also novel in its treatment of the cadenza. The series of arpeggios in the ricochet bowing style before rehearsal P (or number 13) can be considered an extension of the traditional Classical cadenza played only by the soloist because these are continued after the orchestra re-enters (see Example 2). Example 2: The orchestra re-enters at rehearsal 13 as the soloist accompanies. Example 2: The orchestra re-enters at rehearsal 13 as the soloist accompanies. In the classical form, such as that used by Mozart in the first movement of his Violin Concerto in A major, KV 219, the cadenza is considered an entirely separate section from the orchestra. Also novel for the concerto’s time is Mendelssohn’s placement of the cadenza between the development and recapitulation sections, as opposed to its usual place at the end of the movement. Placement at the end can be found in Mozart’s concerto, as well as in the first movement of the Paganini Violin Concerto No. 1 (closed by only a short orchestra section). Another difference from the compositions of Mendelssohn’s predecessors and contemporaries is the fact that, in his careful editing, Mendelssohn wrote out the entire cadenza for the soloist; many classical composers intended for improvisation to be involved, either in keeping with their ideas or as completely new ideas. This tradition can be seen in the first movement of Beethoven’s Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 1; a cadenza later written by Fritz Kreisler is one of the most commonly performed for Beethoven’s first movement. Other formal features promote the concerto’s position as novel for its time. As a contrast to the traditional â€Å"double exposition† classical model, the violin enters at the start with a soaring melody after just two measures of orchestral introduction. The classical model normally contains a full exposition, with the orchestra introducing the main themes before the soloist enters. In effect, the orchestra and the soloist perform two separate expositions. Although the three movements of the concerto are written in the standard fast-slow-fast structure, distinctive from tradition was Mendelssohn’s decision to create a through-composed form, in which the three movements are connected, or played attacca. At the end of the first movement and into the second, the bassoon’s held note serves as a link between the two, a simple transition to a lyrical second movement. The technical and formal features of the violin concerto, as compared to Mendelssohn’s education in the classical form, illustrate that the work was innovative for its time. Mendelssohn’s collaboration with Ferdinand David demonstrates the work’s attention to technical detail. Mendelssohn’s careful editing is illustrated by the complete composition of the cadenza, as opposed to one intended for improvisation. The first movement’s novelty in technique and form also serves as an example as to why Mendelssohn was as inspiration to later composers such as Joseph Joachim and William Sterndale Bennett.

Dinosaur Family Values: The Real Monsters in Jurassic Park :: essays papers

Dinosaur Family Values: The Real Monsters in Jurassic Park "The striking moral exhibited in this story, is the fatal consequence of that presumption which attempts to penetrate, beyond prescribed depths, into the mysteries of nature." Playbill for the first stage production of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein(1826) In a recent PBS special about the possibility of cloning dinosaurs a la Jurassic Park, Steven Speilberg reveals that he felt his film version of Michael Crichton's novel had been a success because "There's such a reality to it."Later, one of the scientists interviewed during the show admits that the idea of resurrecting dinosaurs is so imaginatively compelling because every paleontologist "wants to see the real thing."In fact, throughout the PBS documentary the criteria used to evaluate all possible schemes for cloning dinosaurs is always framed as a question: How "real" would the resulting dinosaurs be?The most scientifically credible method discussed would involve injecting dinosaur DNA into bird eggs with the hope that several generations later the birds would become "dinosaur like."Yet every one of the scientists interviewed evidences a clear lack of enthusiasm toward this method because, as one of the paleontologists puts it, "of course, it wouldn't be a real dinosaur."Meaning, we can only conclude, that only a dinosaur born of dinosaur parents can be a "real" dinosaur.The program ends with two quotes, one from the novel's author, Michael Crichton, and the other from actor Jeff Goldblum, who plays scientist Ian Malcolm in the film.First Crichton informs us that Jurassic Park is, above and beyond all else, a "cautionary tale about the hazards of genetic engineering"; and secondly, Goldblum ends the program by expanding on Crichton's warning and advising us that we are "better off marveling at the past rather than tampering with the future." The PBS program very tidily echoes and summarizes the central ideology of both the Jurassic Park films (Jurassic Park and The Lost World), which seems to me to be an obsession with the difference between natural and unnatural breeding practices, and how natural breeding results in and from traditional parenting, and unnatural breeding results in and from non-traditional and therefore unsound or inpure or, to put it as simply as possible, unnatural parenting. In other words, I beieve both of these films make basically the same argument: that there is a difference between natural and unnatural parents, and thus natural and unnatural families.The metaphor the films use as a cinematic stand-in for this quite conservative take on parenting is science, or rather natural vs unnatural science.

Proposed Personality Groups: Compliant, Aggressive & Detached Essay

Compliant Individuals: According to Karen Horney compliant individuals are those who move towards others. Social belongingness is very high between compliant individual. They usually desire to be loved, wanted and appreciated. Compliant type has dominant needs associated with ‘moving towards people’. They work to please others. Compliant personality trait likes to comply with the rules and regulations. This means that they are usually very systematic, precise, hyper efficient and technical. These people love facts and detail, the more the better. Ex: iPhone 5s iPhone 5S is a smartphone developed by Apple Inc. It is part of the iPhone line, and was released on 2013. This smartphone tries to communicate message with their valuable consumer that their product and its features (apps, user interface, multi-touch gestures etc.) are more specific, attractive, and superior then the competitors. Because of its unique features and better quality it is the most hunted smartphone for the individual who wants to stay in touch of technology. iPhone 5s providing variety of facilities to its consumer such as Apple App Store, Apple Maps, iTune Store and so on which specified them from other smartphone. By using this phone a man become more noticeable to others. This product fulfills an individual’s desire to be wanted and appreciated. Aggressive Individuals: Aggressive individuals are those who move against other. Aggressive has dominant needs associated with ‘moving against people’. They seek to be the best. These types of individuals want to prove that they are ‘Better than Others’. Individuals of this personality traits desire to excel and win admiration. The interests of the Aggressive personality types include being the boss, wielding power, competing with confidence, never backing away from a fight, being active and adventurous, being physically assertive and competitive in sports. Ex: TVS Apache RTR This is the advertisement of TVS Apache RTR 150 motorcycle which was released on 2012. TVS Motor Company Limited which is part of TVS Group manufactures motorcycles, scooters, and auto rickshaws in India. TVS Motor Company  Limited used aggressive approach in this ad to convince their consumer. This advertisement is usually made for the biker who loves speed. They add the taglines ‘NOT FOR WEAK-HEARTS’ & ‘SCARILY FAST’ to attract the biker who loves speed. TVS also highlight here that they use Racing Throttle Response (RTR) technologies and this bike does 0–60 km speed acceleration within 5 seconds. By introducing those concept TVS auto wants to communicate with their target market that they are manufacturing the best 150 cc bike in India. Detached Individual: Detached individuals are those who move away from others. Detached has dominant needs associated with ‘moving away from people’. Such an individual seeks independence, self-sufficiency, self-reliance, and individualism of freedom form obligations. They usually try to promote their self-independence. Ex: Cadbury Dairy Milk Silk Some of the ads like the Dance Troupe ad for Cadbury Dairy Milk Silk clearly target detached consumers. In the ad a member of a dance group is shown busy eating a Silk just before her stage performance. She has spoiled her face and is already late for entry on stage but she is lost in her own world. Cadbury’s ‘Khane-Walo-Ko-Khane-Ka-Bahana-Chahiye’ tagline stands out once again as it is aimed at the compliant individuals who are hesitant to break away from the societal rules. The message conveyed in the ad helps them come to terms with the idea of eating chocolate anytime anywhere based on their urges without caring for what others think. The protagonists break rules and societal boundaries to get what they desire, the desire being the Chocolate bar here. This ad is promoting self-independency, self-sufficiency and the freedom of detached individuals.

Harlem And The Sun By Langston Hughes - 1091 Words

â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?† This poem, Harlem, created a whole play based on one line (Hughes, 1055-1056). Langston Hughes wrote the poem Harlem due to his major role in the Harlem Renaissance. A Raisin in the Sun was concocted by Hughes one line, this play tells the story of an African American family living in the slums during a time when racial dilemmas were at an all time high. The family receives money from Mama’s husband passing away, but the family has disputes on how the money should be spent (Hansberry, 443-512). Throughout the play the title has significance by Hughes poem Harlem, African American lives in the 1950s, and the different dreams of the family members. One of the many proceedings that makes the title significant is the relation to Hughes poem Harlem. Harlem is a poem questioning what happens to a dream that does not come true. As we read the poem we find that all of the suggestions are of the dreams wasting away, except the last saying that the dream explodes, which is much more active and meaningful. â€Å"Langston Hughes was educated on the streets of Harlem listening to the hopeless and marginalised sing the blues. Many of his poems were written to the rhythm of blues music. Hughes listened and learned from the streets† (Price, 5). Harlem was written during the times of the Harlem Renaissance, which means Hughes was addressing the problem of African Americans not obtaining the same rights as whiteShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesin American Cultural History, Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. Growing up, he dealt with some hard times. His p arents divorced when he was little and he grew up with neither of his parents. Hughes was raised by his grandmother since his father moved to Mexico after their divorce and his mother moved to Illinois. It was when Hughes was thirteen that he moved out to Lincoln, Illinois to be reunited with his mother. This is where Hughes began writing poetry. HoweverRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1476 Words   |  6 Pages Langston Hughes, a Voice for the Taciturn Take a time machine back to one of the most culturally-rich times in history, the Modern Age. More specifically, set your destination to northern Manhattan in the early 20s. When you step onto those bustling streets, you’ll find yourself swept up in the Harlem Renaissance. The contemporary writers you are surrounded by are legends such as Langston Hughes and W. E. B. DuBois, and the contemporary musicians you may hear at a local nightclub include some ofRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pagesthe themes, figures of speech, word placement, and flow of the piece, and A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through the subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning of, A Dream Deferred, is that no one really knows what happens to dreams that are not fulfilledRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 Pagescalled the Harlem Renaissance. After World War I, many blacks migrated from the south to up to the north to places like Chicago, Detroit and New York. The people in Harlem felt the racial pride and this caught the attention of many musicians, writers, and artist. The Harlem Renaissance period lasted from 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on though all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in the article about Langston Hughes, there wereRead MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words   |  5 PagesHarlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skinRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes602 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes Through the turbulent decades of the 1920s through the 1960s many of the black Americans went through difficult hardships and found comfort only in dreaming. Those especially who lived in the ghettos of Harlem would dream about a better place for them, their families, and their futures. Langston Hughes discusses dreams and what they could do in one of his poems, Harlem. Hughes poem begins: What happens to a dream deferred... Hughes is asking whatRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Poets: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a time where creativity flourished throughout the African American community. At the time many African Americans were treated as second class citizens. The Harlem Renaissance acted as artistic and cultural outlet for the African-American community. The Harlem Renaissance, otherwise known as â€Å"The New Negro Movement† was an unexpected outburst of creative activity among African Americans In the poems Harlem by Langston Hughes, America by Claude McKay, and Incident by CounteeRead MoreHughes Use of Literary Devices658 Words   |  3 Pages Langston Hughes Use of Literary Devices Only a half of century after the abolition of slavery, the African Americans began the movement of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920‘s. Suppressed by whites, segregation, second-class citizen ship and a poor education Langston Hughes became one of the most inspirational poets of his time. Langston Hughes let the world know of his existence through his poetry. Ignited with passion, pride and knowledge of the journey through slavery and there after, HughesRead MoreThe Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes1020 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Dream Deferred,† is a poem written by Langston Hughes discussing what may become of a dream that is put off, delayed, or postponed by external influences. Throughout the poem, Hughes uses questions about concrete things in everyday life and compares them to the ignored dreams. Langston Hughes isn’t referring to the dreams we have when we go to sleep at night, he’s referring to an aspiration or a desire. â€Å"Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun?† (Hughes 970) The vision of his dream is vanishingRead MoreEssay on The Poetry of Langston Hughes During the Harlem Renaissance1694 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction: The Harlem Renaissance The village of Harlem, New York was originally established by Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant in 1658. It was named after a Dutch city, â€Å"Nieuw Harlem. It sits on a 5.5 square mile area of Manhattan north of 96th Street. The 1830s saw the abandonment of Harlem due to the fact that the farmlands failed to produce. The economic recovery in Harlem began in 1837. It boasted prosperous, fashionable neighborhoods that offered a diverse, rich background provided

Personal Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1002 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Autobiography Essay Did you like this example? To start off the personal narrative about my life, my full name is Suzanna Joy Fia. My life began in Lamour, CA, where I was born on December 15, 1999. I am the youngest of 4 sisters, we grew up in many different places due to my father serving in the military. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Story" essay for you Create order My Dad retired in 2010 after 31 years of service, whereas my Mom moved on to become a Special Ed. teacher with a Masters in that field. My family and I moved to Alaska shortly after my dad’s retirement where he continued working as a bus driver and my Mom, a teacher at Reddington High School in Settlers Bay. I spent most of Elementary school in Texas and the rest of my academic career in Alaska. The best memories I have from high school began with Fridays. Friday at my school wasn’t bad at all. Very rarely did we have homework to be done over the weekends. Classes were much more relaxed and often consisted of work days. Fridays were special because for each week that went by, the closer and closer you got to freedom. A big motivation for me to go to school were my friends. We worked hard together to get good grades while having fun. All of my current best friends are people I met in high school. When you’re going through the same kind of life problems, it’s nice to have a group of friends to help you along the way. Although there were good times, high school consisted some of the worst. Something that goes hand in hand with friend groups is drama. Highschool can be very dramatic and can find yourself in the middle of it. I learned that sometimes it’s best to just ignore it and keep your thoughts to yourself. One memory I will never forget was going to gym, being surrounded by much fitter students and challenging obstacles. The dreaded mile run was one of the most difficult things I had to do in high school. For the life of me I could not get my time under ten minutes. Being the last person to finish your run with the longest time was one of the worst feelings and still haunts me to this day. Growing up I had a love for art and creativity. I have been drawing since I was a little child. I usually drew animals and landscapes with vibrant colors that were hung up in my room, taking up every inch of the walls. Painting quickly became my new obsession in middle school. I would spend days working on a piece for my own personal getaway from life. I have a secret respect a devotion for animals. I adore dogs more than any other animal, considering I’ve got 4 of my own at home. I have worked in a vet clinic and taken vet assisting classes, increasing my love. Volunteering at the local shelter is a hobby I will never let go of. Giving the animals a little bit a joy and seeing it in their eyes, makes every visit worth my time. Attending college has always been a life goal starting in high school. People who graduate from college make more money and open up more opportunities and choices for jobs/careers. I decided to go to college because I am a strong believer in that education opens new doors of opportunity. I’m also finding new friends that can help me along the way to graduating. I hope I can start a tradition in the family line to attend college and move up in the world. To find a career that I love and will support me in life and give me the chance to grow as a person would be a dream come true. Currently my life consists of school, family, and lots of napping. In order to keep everything on track, I must follow a strict schedule. Having my planner will help me finish projects in a timely manner, manage my time, and make sure my classes are in order. My goal is keeping a heathy balance between school and my social life. I hope by the end of this semester I will be more active and organized with my life choices. After a couple more years at Matsu College I plan on moving out of Alaska and pursue the career I’ve chosen. College was definitely a step out of my comfort zone. The fear of change took over my life after graduating high school. I was scared of making new friends and having a professor instead of a teacher. Then the stage of loneliness started to set in as my time slowly began to consist of studying. I find it hard to get out of the acutance zone with people in class. There are so many different people with different backgrounds its difficult to find the rig ht friends that fit me. The dreaded â€Å"What if?† haunts me every time I’m heading to class, thinking of the worst that can happen. Thinking like this gets my heart pumping at the chance of embarrassing myself in class, keeping me from new opportunities. I started my first semester at Middle college with no friend’s, severe depression, and anxiety. I was in a slow decline of unhealthy self-care and kept many mental health problems to myself. I was only 17 and unprepared for a big academic step such as college and independent responsibility. I was scared to ask for help and communicate what was going on in my life with the counselor, principal, even my family. I pushed myself towards poor mental health, resulting in hospitalization. I have found the chemical imbalance causing my mental problems and am taking the necessary medications to keep my depression and anxiety stable. I have developed healthy coping skills such as exercise, mindfulness, the importance of asking for help and having many different support outlets. I am able to continue my coursework and improve my academic progress.

Marketing of Coffee from Strauss Coffee Company, Brazil to Ethiopia Literature review

Essays on Marketing of Coffee from Strauss Coffee Company, Brazil to Ethiopia Literature review The paper "Marketing of Coffee from Strauss Coffee Company, Brazil to Ethiopia" is an excellent example of a literature review on marketing. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee (Jarvis, 2003). The country exports coffee to its main competitors including Vietnam, Indonesia, India, and Colombia. According to the Brazil Trade Business Group (2011), Ethiopia is the only big producer that does not import coffee from Brazil. Since coffee is a global commodity and a chief foreign earner in most developing countries, it is important that the countries expand their markets further and reach out to more international markets (Feleke and Walters, 2005). In this paper, a discussion on international marketing shall be done that shall specifically target marketing of coffee from Strauss Coffee Company to Ethiopia. This will involve discussion on the market selection and environmental analysis. In addition, the paper shall devise a marketing mix strategy for marketing the coffee in Ethiopia. This paper shall also develop a foreign market entry strategy for the coffee to be suitably sold in Ethiopia.Market SelectionEthiopia does not import its coffee from Brazil (Brazil Trade Business Group, 2011). The country is undisputedly the birthplace of Arabica coffee. Its high population gives its place in one of the leading markets in Africa. Since the inception of the government of Ethiopia, it has worked to implement a growth and transformation plan that envisions a growth domestic product of about 14.9 % (Doing Business in Ethiopia, 2012). The environment in Ethiopia is, therefore, getting laid for business. In addition, the people’s culture of using coffee has been in existence since time immemorial. The government has also opened up privatization and public supervising agency that is open to foreign involvement. This gives foreign bodies an opportunity to invest in the country and sell their products. In addition, the government has developed more than 200 electronic services that will enable online trading and quick communication between the two countries.According to Goodwin (2012), Ethiopia is taken to be the birthplace of coffee both as a plant and a culture. About 12 million people are known to embrace the culture through farming activities or through picking coffee and this demonstrates the depth of the coffee culture in the country. In fact, coffee plays such a key role in Ethiopia that it has been linked to many expressions that deal with life relationships and even food. There is a common saying in Ethiopia that says â€Å"Buna dabo naw†, translating to â€Å"coffee is our bread†. Another common saying that encourages the consumption of coffee is â€Å"Buna Tetu†, translating to â€Å"drink coffee†. The culture has gone so deep that in some instances, coffee is used to express someone’s life. For instance, coffee can be used in an expression like â€Å"I don’t have someone to tak e coffee with†.

Health and social care UNIT 4 M1 free essay sample

Stereotyping is when a judgement is made on a group of people because of the actions of a few. Stereotyping happens because of misinformation and other people’s opinions. There are many stereotypical perceptions of life stages and their possible effect on development. Each of the six life stages will be explained with the expected norms and how this affects the development. Foetal development There are many stereotypical views of foetal development. A pregnant woman is expected to have a healthy diet, exercise, take vitamin supplements, and have regular visits to the doctor to benefit herself and her baby. The NHS website also informs why mothers should eat healthily so this is a reason why mothers feel pressurised to keep a good diet. In fact this is not always the case; some pregnant women carry on drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes even though they know that it can harm their selves and damage the health of the unborn baby. Researchers from Deakin University in Australia, alongside researchers from Norway, have found out that mothers who eat unhealthy food while they are pregnant, have more of a chance to have children with mental health problems. Pregnant women should have a healthy diet because this will keep the baby healthy. Also, they should exercise regularly for example going to yoga and aquanatal classes, as this helps the baby’s physical development and its intake of oxygen as well as helping women cope through labour. Women who are pregnant should also take vitamin supplements as this may benefit herself and her unborn child. Studies have also shown that Vitamin D helps reduce the risk of Type 1 diabetes for the baby. Mothers may be stressed because they have to keep a stable partnership with their partner but they may argue because of the anxiety about being pregnant. Sometimes mothers have to cope by their selves because they may be single parents, this can also cause a lot of stress. Stressed mothers are shown to have more of a difficult time producing milk and eating proper foods. They should try cutting down on the stress by relaxing, going to bed early and doing fewer chores. Also, stress can affect the foetus’s emotional development and when they are born they may cry a lot. Women who smoke or drink whilst they are pregnant can affect the baby’s brain and organ development. This could also make the woman deliver a premature or stillborn baby and could also cause Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Smoking can weaken the immune system of the baby and when the baby is born it may be underweight. Drinking alcohol may cause foetal alcohol syndrome, body malformations, and mental retardation. Consuming drugs also causes devastating consequences to the foetus. Infancy (0-3 years) The stereotypical views on infants are that they are vulnerable as they can get hurt easily and if asked questions they will normally always tell the truth. Also, we expect infants to not be as intelligent as children but there are rare cases when child prodigies are discovered such as Terence Tao, an Australian mathematician who could accomplish basic arithmetic by the age of two. Another expected norm is that they are emotionally attached to their parents so this is why they normally want attention from them, and can sometimes act mischievous. Also, Infants are expected to be able to walk and talk and go to nursery to help them with education in the near future. When we are around children we find that they will always need help as they can’t do everything by their selves. For example; reaching high places to get something they need, and using the toilet in a proper manner. This stereotype is accurate because infants do need support from their family or guardians. Jean Piaget, a psychologist who made a theory of cognitive child development, showed that young children think in a very different way compared to adults. Before his work, psychologists assumed that children were not as skilled at thinking than adults are. Children need to be educated so they can mentally construct a model of the world and enhance their knowledge. Childhood (4-9 years) The stereotypical view of this stage of life is that people think all children start to learn new things, as this is the first step to education. This is also the time when they discover how to make new friends and can keep these good relationships until the end of their lives. However, some children do not get a chance to be educated for example; children who live in poverty are not as educated as others. There was also a BBC news report about Daniel Pelka, a four-year-old child who had been beaten and starved for months by his parents before his death in March 2012. He had not learned English, as it was not his first language so this lack of language and low confidence made it almost impossible for him to confess the suffering he had gone through. This shows that children need to be nurtured well and be given a variety of foods in order to have a balanced diet. Children should also be given a good education and extra help if needed, as this will help their intellectual development. Another stereotypical view on children is that this is the age when they are influenced by their family and what they watch on television. For example, a TV show like Horrid Henry may make the child want to be disobedient, behave badly, and throw temper tantrums. This stereotype is accurate because children like to copy what they see. Also, children are egocentric, as they do not yet understand anybody’s feelings or thoughts. Adolescence (10-18 years) The stereotypical view on adolescents are that they are always moody or frequently changing their mood. This happens because as they go through puberty they are very hormonal. Most mothers say that their teenage girls are harder to raise than their teenage boys. This may be because girls are more insecure than boys because they want to look attractive but at this age acne and spots start forming so this could lower their self-esteem. One in 20 mothers said their teenage child even missed their school prom because of skin issues. Adolescents are going through the stage of life where they want to stay with their friends more than being with their family. Also, they may want to have relationships with the opposite sex as they feel attracted towards them. On the other hand, some teenagers will not go into these relationships because they have other things to worry about studying for their exams and doing work experience. These experiences they go through may affect their emotional development because they will be going through stress and hormonal problems. Teenagers might start to become rebellious and disrespectful because they start to not always agree with whatever their parents say. This shows that they are maturing because their brains are developing and they have different ideas which makes them an individual. Media also views teenagers as lazy and rebellious so this can influence teens to be how they are, for example reality TV shows such as Super Nanny show adolescents in this manner. This is also the age when they start to develop their intellectual development more and widen their vocabulary but there are some cases when children are neglected so they have no contact with other humans. One of these cases is about a young girl called Genie, born in 1957, who was extremely abused and neglected. For the first thirteen years in her life, she was isolated in a locked room, usually tied to a childs toilet or bound in a crib with her arms and legs crippled. During this time she did not learn a language as she was rarely spoken to. After she was discovered, she was given help to learn so she gradually started to acquire language skills, but she will never be able to become perfectly normal again. Adulthood (19-65 years) This is normally the age when you start to become a mature, independent adult. However, there are emotionally immature adults who haven’t moved onto adult ways of thinking and behaving. This could happen due to low self-esteem or low confidence and affect their emotional and social development. Sometimes, adults are unconfident because they have had traumatising experiences in the past that they can never forget and stay unsociable for the rest of their lives. This can also be because they were very ill and did not have a chance to socialise with others or this can be due to developmental problems. An expected norm at this life stage is to get married but this does not always happen. Also, adults normally have a job or changing jobs and there are even others who are just looking for a job. It can be difficult for people to find a good job and adults feel pressurised to find one because they may have a family to care for or pay for bills. Older adulthood (65+) The stereotypical views on the elderly are that they are weak, forgetful, passive, lonely, nostalgic, and have many illnesses. However, they can be strong and healthy if they exercise regularly, and they may not be lonely if they have family or friends with them and this can affect their emotional and social development. Some older adults enjoy taking challenges by continuing their study in higher education and others like to retire for relaxation. Some adults may be forgetful which can affect their intellectual development but they enjoy remembering their old memories and sharing their experiences with others. Other adults have many illnesses that can affect their physical development for example, hearing problems and problems with their sight. Also, an expected norm at this age for women is to go through menopause. This is accurate but not all women go through the same symptoms of menopause. At this age, they may have a stable partnership with their husband or wife but others do not marry so they either stay with their family or get taken care of in a care home. In conclusion, most people conform to these expected norms, which may be because of media and social pressures. Some people may conform because of self-fulfilling prophecies but other individuals do not as they may have different opinions about this. Others may be forced to conform due to illnesses so they cannot attend school and when they are older they can disengage from society.